Over 200 million years ago, these logs washed into an ancient river system and were buried quick enough and deep enough by massive amounts of sediment and debris, that oxygen was cut off and decay slowed to a process that would now take centuries.
Minerals, including silica dissolved from volcanic ash, were absorbed into the porous wood over hundreds and thousands of years, then crystallized within the cellular structure, replacing the organic material as it broke down over time. Sometimes crushing or decay left cracks in the logs, allowing large jewel-like crystals of clear quartz, purple amethyst, yellow citrine and smoky quartz to form.
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